Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
type: channel
description: Journal of Manufacturing Engineering is an open access international journal, peer-reviewed, quarterly-published, launched in 2005. The journal is published by Society for Manufacturing Engineers in both the paper form as well as the electronic format.
publisher: Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
language: en
publication name: Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
issn: 0973-6867
items: Numerical Impact of Tool Geometry on Hip Prosthesis Forming
items: Impact of Metal-Work Function and temperature on the performance of Schottky Barrier diode devices
items: Progress on Predictive Performance of Metal Cutting by Machining Processes – Study Case: Turning Operations through Controlled-Contact
items: Optimum air cooling cost by T.L.B.O.
items: Crack Formation and Control Strategies in Concrete Systems
items: Unmanned Weather Station Real-time Data Dissemination via Twitter
items: Manufacturing And Mechanical Testing of Duck Eggshell Powder Reinforced Epoxy Composite - A Study on Effect of Reinforcement
items: Multi-Objective Electric Discharge Machining Process Parameters Optimization of Inconel 718 by using Full Factorial Design of Experiments.
items: A Review: Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites
items: Traces of Similarity and Consistency of Data in the Choices of Specific Cutting Energy Models for Predicting Cutting Force in Metal Cutting by Machining Processes
items: Evaluation of Flash temperature parameter in TMPTO-Based Nano-Lubricants
items: Enhancing Material Performance: A Review of Magnesium-Based Metal Matrix Composites
items: Analysis of Casting System Design of Using a Computer-Aided Simulation
items: Mathematical Modeling of Shape relationship including % Dilution and Total Bead Volume in SAW Process by using Two Level Half Factorial Technique
items: Affordable virtual and augmented reality training modules for workforce development and smart manufacturing
items: Live Dimension Detection During Machining of Workpiece using Smart Detection Set up on General-Purpose Lathe
items: Barriers to Adopting Metaverse Technology in Manufacturing Firms
items: Slicing on the Tessellated Model for the 3D Printing Process based on the Variable Thickness Layers
items: Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Nano Particulates (Al2O3/B4C) Reinforced in Aluminium 7075 Matrix Composite
items: Parametric Optimization of Warm Deep Drawing Process of 304 Stainless Steel Cylindrical Cups
items: 4D-Printed Soft Pneumatic Actuators Guided by Machine Learning and Finite Element Models
items: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL AND METALLURGICAL PROPERTIES IN FRICTION STIR SPOT WELDING OF DISSIMILAR AA6061-T6 TO COPPER
items: ENHANCING SURFACE FINISH: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF EXTRUSION HONING PROCESS ON TITANIUM GRADE-2 ALLOY
items: POWER COMPARISON OF TESTS FOR NORMALITY AND RECOMMENDED TEST ORDERS FOR MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATIONS
items: DEVELOPMENT OF WELDING WINDOW FOR UNDERWATER AL – STEEL EXPLOSIVE CLADDING
items: PREDICTION OF INTERLAMINAR STRESSES ACTING IN THE ANGLE PLY E-GLASS EPOXY COMPOSITES USING ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL METHODS
items: EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF BORON STEEL PLOUGHSHARE UNDER DRY SLIDING CONTACT
items: Comparative Study of Design of Flat and Curve Gate Used in Hydropower Plants
items: HOMOMORPHIC FILTERING-BASED REFLECTION COMPENSATION AND BINARY THRESHOLDING DURING THE PREPREG-BASED COMPOSITE MANUFACTURING
items: SELECTION OF OPTIMAL SEQUENCE OF MACHINING OPERATIONS IN CAPP

Numerical Impact of Tool Geometry on Hip Prosthesis Forming
type: item
description: This paper examines the effect of incremental forming parameters on the process of a 304L stainless-steel biomedical part, which is inserted between the prosthesis and the cup to minimize wear and extend the lifespan of the prosthesis. The methodology involves several steps. First, the tool trajectory is determined. Then, modeling and numerical simulation are performed to select the optimal configuration, evaluate the final product geometry and forming tool force in relation to the forming angle, define the forming tool dimensions, and determine the axial step. Finally, the evaluation of the spring-back is conducted, along with an analysis of the parameters that influence the thinning of the component. The results highlight the relationship between punch diameter and axial displacement on the geometric quality of the deformed component. Furthermore, the force exerted varies as a function of axial steps, forming tool geometry, and the dimensions of the deformed component. Additionally, the number of contact points and the forming angle have an impact on the thinning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mondher NASRI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 122
ending page: 135
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i3pp122-135

Impact of Metal-Work Function and temperature on the performance of Schottky Barrier diode devices
type: item
description: N-Aluminum Gallium Arsenide Schottky Diodes are studied by I-V characteristics. Current-voltage characteristics were analyzed for some metal work Functions at a 300K temperature. A significant dependence was observed between this parameter and the electrical parameters. These results demonstrate that it affects the device's performance. Important electrical characteristics, like saturation current (IS), series resistances (RS ), ideality factor (n), and barrier height (bn ), are also defined for various temperature values by analyzing the current-voltage (I-V) behavior. R, b, and n parameters are computed using the Cheung method and the thermionic emission (TE) theory. The ideality factor (n) values were found to drop as temperatures increased, but the barrier height (bn) increased. The ideality factor values at the contact interface were found to exhibit a double Gaussian distribution based on temperature-dependent observations. Comparing the results to the experimental data revealed an equal result. These findings suggest that the n-AlGaAs structure may be effectively utilized in optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications, demonstrating excellent diode properties for solar cells. As a result, the outcomes of this recent research logically support the idea that these Schottky barrier diodes are ideal for effectively harvesting renewable energy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Metal-Work Functions, Schottky diode, Barrier height, Electrical behavior, Ideality factor, Metal-semiconductor contacts, thermionic emission.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sonia Bouzgarrou
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
starting page: 113
ending page: 121
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i3pp113-121

Progress on Predictive Performance of Metal Cutting by Machining Processes – Study Case: Turning Operations through Controlled-Contact
type: item
description: Studies on the development of models for the predictive performance of metal cutting by machining processes, initiated by CIRP, are currently ongoing at several research centers worldwide. This paper describes the successful outcomes achieved from primary research on the development of the ORTHO-OB CHATTER computer program, which enables data-driven predictive performance analysis of metal cutting by turning operations. Since data are critical to proper description of models, the work involved, gathering, generating and developing necessary support structured data that can be computationally applied through situated single- and multiple- input search queries, to predict generated forces, stresses, temperatures, strain rates, tool wear, possibility of fracture and tool life, stability and economic costs in lathe metal cutting involving any selected workpiece and tool materials combinations as a recommendation system to aid decision making. The paper also discusses predicting metal cutting operations under uncertainty by analyzing and identifying patterns and trends in data through mechanistic reasoning, providing a quick aid to help machinists select the correct size tools, cutting conditions, and make energy-saving decisions for a machining task. Validation shows errors in cutting force predictions by mechanistic reasoning of most material classes tested are within the range of zero to five percent.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Machining, Metal Cutting, Cutting Force Prediction, SMART Machining.
  topic: keywords
creator: Tonye Jack
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-09-01
publication date: 2025-09-01
starting page: 100
ending page: 112
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i3pp100-112

Optimum air cooling cost by T.L.B.O.
type: item
description: This paper presents the performance of the Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (T.L.B.O.) algorithm for the optimum design of an air cooling system. The optimal cost of an air cooling system is investigated using the TLBO algorithm and compared with other optimization algorithms, including the Lagrange Multipliers (LM) method, Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. TLBO is a recently proposed population-based algorithm that simulates the teaching-learning process in a classroom. This algorithm requires only the common control parameters and does not require any algorithm-specific control parameters. Computational results demonstrate that the TLBO algorithm is successfully applied to the air cooling system, exhibiting better performance compared to other optimization algorithms considered for this problem.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: TLBO algorithm
  topic: keywords
subject: optimum cost
  topic: keywords
subject: air cooling system
  topic: keywords
creator: prafulla kulkarni
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
starting page: 095
ending page: 099
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i3pp095-099

Crack Formation and Control Strategies in Concrete Systems
type: item
description: Concrete cracks in buildings are a common and routine occurrence that occurs in civil engineering, regardless of the nature and size of the work. It is almost unavoidable due to the nature of concrete material, i.e., its weak tensile strength, and for several environmental and structural reasons. The cracks not only deteriorate the aesthetic finish and appearance of the buildings but, above all, compromise their mechanical stability, safety, and life. They result in the weakening of major structural members such as slabs, beams, and columns, and thus destabilise the building. Concrete cracking is initiated by a number of causes, such as construction defects, defects in design, poor-quality materials, defective curing, and environmental factors such as variations in temperature, shrinkage, or chemical reaction. Engineers and scientists have been working hard over the past couple of years with the aim of understanding the crack initiation and propagation, with the aim of utilising appropriate preventive and corrective action. Detection and structural vs. non-structural differentiation of cracks are now possible, as the majority of them are obligated to carry out the right type of repair jobs. Their ability to repair is a factor of knowing the right repair method and material, depending on the width, direction, location, and level of the crack. There are cracks that are surface minor imperfections and others that are inherent flaws that require treatment with some level of urgency. This paper aims to induce cracking in concrete structures, i.e., causes, nature, and effects of some patterns of cracking in general. It also provides prevention strategies and remedial techniques, i.e., chemical injection, control joints, reinforcement, and advanced repairs such as epoxy injection, stitch cracking, and dry packing. Proper practice during construction and vigilant observation of structures have been stressed. They are significant steps in averting further increases in cracks…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cracks, causes and remedial measures, preventive techniques
  topic: keywords
creator: Sunanda Debnath
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
starting page: 067
ending page: 075
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i2pp067-075

Unmanned Weather Station Real-time Data Dissemination via Twitter
type: item
description: Knowing what the weather will be like is important for most human activities. Therefore, most meteorological services are available online but provide generalized information. It is more reliable if a person can get weather information from their real-time environment. This project aims to create a point-specific online platform to distribute rapid and accurate meteorological data from a real-time environment of interest and send that data on social media without human involvement, using a fully automated system. This project used industrial sensors such as BME 280 for temperature, humidity, and pressure, ML8511 sensor to measure Ultraviolet radiation as an index, and customized sensors to get wind speed, wind direction, solar light intensity, and rain gauge. ESP 32 is a microcontroller used to process data and send that data to Google Sheets and Twitter. All the weather parameters are in standard units, and 0.01 accuracy of the reading. This is a fully automated system that uses a solar panel to run during the day and at night, using battery power that is charged during the day using solar power. In this instrument, most of the sensors are calibrated using chemical methods and laboratory instruments. The instrument is tested for several days indoors and several weeks outdoors. In testing, there are different weather scenarios, so all the instrument parameters are tested in real-time in the real world. In indoor testing, under less solar light conditions, it runs smoothly all day with the built-in battery for 4 to 5 days without charging. Using solar panels and batteries as a power source, it can run without human involvement. The purpose of the project is to send a designed unmanned weather station that sends weather data as a Twitter message, so the system is working smoothly; hence, the overall project is completed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Unmanned weather station, Twitter, DIY Wind speed sensor, DIY Wind direction sensor, DIY rain gauge, Solar charger for ESP 32, ESP 32 Twitting
  topic: keywords
creator: Dushan Dinushka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
starting page: 076
ending page: 094
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i2pp076-094

Manufacturing And Mechanical Testing of Duck Eggshell Powder Reinforced Epoxy Composite - A Study on Effect of Reinforcement
type: item
description: The world produces roughly 7.2 million tons of eggshell waste each year, which is about 11% of the weight of an egg. The leading egg-producing countries are China, India, and the United States. However, eggshell waste can also contribute to environmental pollution if it's disposed of in landfills. In landfills, eggshell waste can produce odors and encourage microbial growth. However, eggshells can be used in many ways including production of composite materials. Duck eggshells are popularly stronger than chicken eggshells, with a more compact palisade layer and higher calcium content. Since eggshells are a source of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), they could be used as fillers in composite materials to improve the mechanical properties. Using eggshell waste as fillers can help to reduce waste and increase the strength and wear resistance of the final product. This work aimed, for the first time, to investigate mechanical properties of duck eggshell epoxy composites. Duck eggshell powder is used with epoxy resin to prepare the composite material. Different types of composites are prepared using different wt% duck eggshell powder with epoxy matrix material. The composites are manufactured by simple casting pouring process. Specimens cut and tested for mechanical properties according to ASTM standards. The experimental results substantiate the potential use of duck eggshell powder as a reinforcement filler in polymeric composites, with 12 wt% being the optimal weight fraction for further applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Duck Eggshell
  topic: keywords
subject: Epoxy
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical properties
  topic: keywords
creator: T Venkategowda
creator: Anilkumar P R
creator: Premkumar S
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
starting page: 061
ending page: 066
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i2pp061-066

Multi-Objective Electric Discharge Machining Process Parameters Optimization of Inconel 718 by using Full Factorial Design of Experiments.
type: item
description: This study investigates the optimization of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) parameters for Inconel 718 using a copper electrode, focusing on improving material removal rate (MRR) and minimizing surface roughness (Ra). A full factorial design of experiments (DOE) was employed with three key input parameters: pulse on time, pulse off time, and peak current. Regression models and machine learning algorithms were applied to predict response outcomes, with statistical validation through ANOVA and multi-objective optimization using desirability functions. The optimal parameters achieved an MRR of 54.12 mm³/min and Ra of 3.38 µm. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of full factorial design of the exprements in enhancing EDM performance, supporting its adoption for precision machining of nickel-based super alloys.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inconel 718, EDM, MRR, Ra, Machine Learning predictive model, full factorial, pulse on and off, peak current.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kebebew Alemu Tufa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
starting page: 057
ending page: 060
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i2pp057-060

A Review: Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites
type: item
description: The behavior of the mechanical and tribological characteristics of aluminum metal matrix composites made using various techniques is reviewed in this research. Hybrid composites have demonstrated exceptional performance and versatility. Excellent strength-to-weight ratio, resistance to erosion and wear, and relatively low cost are the benefits of aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). Because of their remarkable specific strength and thermal stability, they are used in various industries, including steel production, structural engineering, marine engineering, aerospace, defense, and the automotive sector. Unconventional engineering materials known as Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are reinforced with materials that exhibit superior mechanical and tribological properties. The most common types of reinforcement include fly ash, graphite, silicon carbide, TiO2, boron carbide, and particulate alumina. In addition to their reinforcement in various applications, this paper provides an overview of their mechanical characteristics and tribological behavior. The effects of various reinforcements on aluminum composites vary. For instance, boron carbide enhances the tensile strength, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and elastic modulus because of its lubricating properties. The inclusion of aluminum oxide produces favorable tribological behavior. Using fly ash improves the mechanical characteristics overall, yield, and tensile strengths. The Al composites are also affected differently by other reinforcements.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aluminium metal matrix composite, reinforcement, silicon carbide, alumina, graphite, tribological behavior, Mechanical properties.
  topic: keywords
creator: vivekanandhan Mohan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-03-01
publication date: 2025-03-01
starting page: 025
ending page: 047
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i1pp025-047

Traces of Similarity and Consistency of Data in the Choices of Specific Cutting Energy Models for Predicting Cutting Force in Metal Cutting by Machining Processes
type: item
description: The specific cutting energy is of significant interest in predictive performance evaluation in metal cutting, as it aids in estimating the main cutting force. Several models and methods have been proposed for estimating the specific cutting energy, with some suggested models under-predicting, some over-predicting, for a given set of defined cutting conditions. This paper presents some applicable methods and reported supporting data for computational predictive evaluation during metal cutting, with validations on actual representative metal cutting data. Evidence shows that each proposed model can predict the main cutting force through simulated variation of the cutting conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Specific Cutting Energy, Cutting Stiffness, Cutting Force, Specific Cutting Pressure.
  topic: keywords
creator: Tonye Jack
creator: Aniedi O Ette
creator: Aondona P Ihom
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
starting page: 048
ending page: 056
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i2pp048-056

Evaluation of Flash temperature parameter in TMPTO-Based Nano-Lubricants
type: item
description: Flash Temperature Parameter (FTP) is the temperature at which a lubricant ceases to function effectively, leading to metal-to-metal contact, increased friction, wear, and possible equipment failure. This study explores the impact of TiO2 nanoparticles in trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO)-based bio-lubricants on the Flash Temperature Parameter. A four-ball tester assesses the Anti-Wear Scar Diameter (AWSD) of TMPTO-TiO2 nano-lubricants at varying concentrations under controlled speed, load, and temperature conditions. The FTP is determined from the average AWSD measured on the bottom three balls. Results from Taguchi experiments and corresponding signal-to-noise ratios were used to rank the parameters. The combination of TMPTO base oil and TiO2 nanoparticles synergized to enhance FTP. FTP assesses a lubricant’s performance under high load and temperature conditions, such as in rolling mills and cutting processes. This research may benefit specialty lubricant manufacturers. Further studies on the wear mechanisms of TMPTO-based nanolubricants and their potential for high-speed metal cutting applications are recommended.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trimethylolpropane trioleate, Flash Temperature Parameter, ANOVA, Taguchi
  topic: keywords
creator: Bhanudas Bachchhav
creator: Manisha Bachchhav
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-03-01
publication date: 2025-03-01
starting page: 020
ending page: 024
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i1pp020-024

Enhancing Material Performance: A Review of Magnesium-Based Metal Matrix Composites
type: item
description: Magnesium Matrix Composites (Mg-MMCs) are emerging as highly promising materials for aerospace and defence applications due to their low density and favourable mechanical properties. Compared to conventional engineering materials, these composites exhibit improved specific strength, stiffness, damping behaviour, wear resistance, creep, and fatigue properties when reinforced with various elements. This paper provides an overview of the effects of different reinforcements in magnesium and its alloys, highlighting their advantages and drawbacks. Key phenomena such as interfacial transition, agglomeration effects, fibre-matrix bonding, and particle distribution challenges are discussed in detail. The impact of reinforcements on microstructure and mechanical properties, including tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, strain, hardness, wear, and fatigue, is critically analyzed. The study also reviews processing techniques, characterization, and the tribological and mechanical behavior of Mg-MMCs, with a focus on reinforcements like carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbonaceous materials, fullerenes, SiC, Al2O3, TiC, B4C, and graphene. Observations indicate that ceramic reinforcements enhance hardness and strength but reduce ductility, whereas titanium-based metallic reinforcements improve both ductility and strength. Significant applications of various magnesium MMCs are also examined.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Magnesium, MMC, Reinforcement, Hardness, MMC Fabrication method
  topic: keywords
creator: Samrat Hazra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-03-01
publication date: 2025-03-01
starting page: 006
ending page: 019
doi: 10.37255/jme.v20i1pp007-019

Analysis of Casting System Design of Using a Computer-Aided Simulation
type: item
description: Due to casting defects, the Akaki Basic Metals Industry (ABMI) encounters a significant rate of rejection and rework concerning flange roller products, exacerbating manufacturing lead times, increasing production costs, and diminishing customer satisfaction. According to the factory production reports, 89 flange roller cast parts were rejected due to casting defects, resulting in a financial loss. The primary factor contributing to the casting defects that lead to product rejection is the inadequacy of the gating and feeding system design, coupled with ineffective process control. Consequently, the primary objective of this paper is to analyze the casting system design for the flanged roller utilizing a computer-aided simulation methodology. To achieve this goal, the existing gating and feeding system of the flanged roller is modelled using CATIA V5, and simulation analyses are performed employing ProCAST 2019 casting simulation software. From the simulations, shrinkage porosity and hot spot defects have been identified as the principal defects present in the product. In summary, it is concluded that computer-aided casting simulation facilitates the company's ability to preemptively manage defects prior to their occurrence in the physical production environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Casting defects, casting simulation, shrinkage porosity, hotspot
  topic: keywords
creator: Degaga Kebede
creator: Woldeab Mengistu
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2025-03-01
publication date: 2025-03-01
starting page: 001
ending page: 005
doi: 10.37255/jme.v15i4pp001-005

Mathematical Modeling of Shape relationship including % Dilution and Total Bead Volume in SAW Process by using Two Level Half Factorial Technique
type: item
description: The fabrication industry extensively uses SAW (Submerged Arc Welding) owing to its quality, precision and high production rate. The quality and strength of the weld are controlled by the weld bead geometry criterion and shape relationship, which are greatly influenced by the SAW process control variables, namely welding current, arc voltage, welding speed and nozzle-to-plate distance. The present study aims to develop mathematical relations between weld penetration shape factor (WPSF), weld reinforcement form factor (WRFF), % dilution, and total volume with process control variables. Experiments were conducted using “Two Level Half Factorial Design Techniques”. Design Expert software was deployed for graph plotting for the primary and interaction effects of process control variables on bead geometry parameters. Results indicated that voltage affects WPSF positively, while welding current and nozzle-to-plate distance affect WPSF negatively, and welding speed has an insignificant effect on WPSF. Similarly, for WRFF, arc voltage and welding speed have a positive effect, while welding current and nozzle-to-plate distance have a negative impact. For % dilution, nozzle-to-plate distance has an adverse effect and welding current has an insignificant impact. Welding current effects, the total bead volume, arc voltage, welding speed, and nozzle-to-plate distance have adverse effects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bead geometry, Mathematical model, Response, Two-level half factorial design technique, Design Expert Software.
  topic: keywords
creator: Deepak Kumar Choudhary Deepak Choudhary
creator: Ram Manohar Pandey
creator: Chandra Prakash
creator: Vishwjeet Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 108
ending page: 125
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i4pp108-125

Affordable virtual and augmented reality training modules for workforce development and smart manufacturing
type: item
description: In the face of rapid technological advances, including digital, additive, and smart manufacturing, it is essential to continually update manufacturing competency to facilitate skilled workforce development. This study explains a user-friendly Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality/ (VR/AR) training framework for training manufacturing processes. Process equipment and operational protocols are complex and demand for highly skilled and trained operators. Operators trained using the current methods, including in-class and computer-based training, continue to need help with some of the key process equipment operations, causing batch failures resulting in significant loss of time and money. Conventional avenues and traditional computer-based training have been routinely employed to educate operators. However, VR/AR-based process training will remedy the exposed inadequacies of smart manufacturing training processes that are causing continued operator errors. The virtual simulation offers coordinated visual and proprioceptive (spatial perception) feedback cues to develop motor skills for procedural knowledge and memory. The interactive training explores the relationships between actions and outcomes to promote schema building and strengthen trainees' mental models in manufacturing operations. This project has a significant commercial impact within the manufacturing industry owing to increased operational efficiency, reduced product delivery time, and increased accuracy. Optimal training aids affordable, precise, and quality product delivery for generic and personalized medicines to needy patients, thus resulting in a significant societal impact. It will positively impact the professional development of trainees and operators through training in cutting-edge research, innovation and entrepreneurship.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: augmented reality
  topic: keywords
subject: virtual reality
  topic: keywords
subject: smart manufacturing
  topic: keywords
subject: workforce training
  topic: keywords
creator: Magesh Chandramouli
creator: Ashayla Williams
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 101
ending page: 107
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i4pp101-107

Live Dimension Detection During Machining of Workpiece using Smart Detection Set up on General-Purpose Lathe
type: item
description: In a manufacturing setting, the profile dimensions of the workpiece are key quality factors. Various automatic inspection approaches currently assess dimensions based on characteristics and variables, tool paths as OK or Not OK in CNC, and online inspection methods for other machines after manufacturing. However, continuous on-machine profile dimensions and simultaneous manufacturing were left to focus. An intelligent recognition system based on a laser lines sensor using a smart profile dimension detection algorithm (SPDA) communicates real-time measurement information to the operator. It plots the current status of the Workpiece, mapping linear distance by accurate laser reflection of the exact mid-surface line of the workpiece as profile data of a symmetric shaft. It compares the length-diameter obtained from longitudinal and lateral sensors with the master data provided. The algorithm implements Python libraries for displaying panels and organizing workpieces. The standard image changes color from red to green as it is relevant to the status. The predetermined order of manufacturing parts and gradient descent optimization feature sets benchmarks to display the status of the workpiece. The real-time live measurement is facilitated with an error of less than 10%, i.e., 0.1 mm, saving manufacturing time by 30%. It also eliminates the inspection stage, and no reduced job rejection is found.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stepped Shaft, Real-Time Profile Dimension Detec-tion, Laser Line Sensor, Algo-rithm, Inspection Stage, Manufac-turing Time
  topic: keywords
creator: Sushil V Deshpande
creator: Ramkisan S Pawar
creator: Pushparaj S Warke
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-09-01
publication date: 2024-09-01
starting page: 089
ending page: 100
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i3pp089-100

Barriers to Adopting Metaverse Technology in Manufacturing Firms
type: item
description: Metaverse technology (MT) signifies a computer-generated sphere where operators can interconnect in a virtual setting. The adoption of MT has the possibility to transform business operation methods, business-to-customer interaction, and firm-worker collaboration approaches. On the other hand, some problems should be tackled and overcome to guarantee the success of adopting the MT. The research seeks to investigate MT adoption in manufacturing firms, emphasising estimating possible hindrances to present effective adoption plans. The data for this study was gathered from 311 participants in manufacturing companies in Palestine. This study uses machine learning tools, namely artificial neural network (ANN) modelling, combined with structural equation modelling (SEM) to assess the theoretical framework. The SEM findings showed that a company's technological inadequacies are the most critical obstacle to MT adoption in manufacturing firms. The ANN findings underlined the company's technological inadequacies as the most vital input, poor regulation and governance, incorporation barriers, low perceived usefulness among consumers, weak collaborative actions, low dedication from stakeholders, conservative company culture, and low transmission over the networks. As MT is prospective to offer companies competitive benefits, better efficiency, enhanced consumer involvement and stimulated innovation, it is imperative to deliberate and foster resolutions to adoption risks in the businesses. Firms can achieve successful adoption of the intriguing and rapidly everchanging technological environment by solving those risks/barriers. The research gives new understandings to MT inventors and managers for effective MT adoption in manufacturing firms and novel conceptual insights for practitioners intending to adopt this technology in their manufacturing firms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Manufacturing
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial neural network
  topic: keywords
subject: virtual reality
  topic: keywords
subject: augmented reality
  topic: keywords
subject: technology adoption
  topic: keywords
subject: metaverse
  topic: keywords
creator: Ihab K.A. Hamdan
creator: Wulamu Aziguli
creator: Dezheng Zhang
creator: Belal Alhakeem
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 146
ending page: 162
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i4pp146-162

Slicing on the Tessellated Model for the 3D Printing Process based on the Variable Thickness Layers
type: item
description: Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a modern technology that enhances manufacturing by building thin layers of material from digitized (3D) designs, entirely constructed using advanced CAD software. This method facilitates the creation of new types of objects with unique material properties. However, while AM is often hailed as the next industrial revolution, significant challenges remain for its successful commercialization. This project focuses on the microstructural aspects and the dimensional accuracy of the product. Additionally, the paper discusses the slicing algorithm and the material extrusion process in detail.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Additive Manufacturing (AM), CAD, 3D Printing, Slicing
  topic: keywords
creator: Samrat Hazra
creator: Gourab Ganguly
creator: Subhajit Chattopadhyay
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-09-01
publication date: 2024-09-01
starting page: 082
ending page: 088
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i3pp082-088

Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Nano Particulates (Al2O3/B4C) Reinforced in Aluminium 7075 Matrix Composite
type: item
description: Metal Matrix Nano Composites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-particulate reinforcements can be of significance for automobile, aerospace, and numerous applications due to their low density and good mechanical properties, better corrosion and wear resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion as compared to conventional materials. Designing the metal matrix composite material aims to combine the desirable attributes of metals and ceramics. The present work is focused on studying the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy (7075) with Al2O3 and B4C nanocomposite produced using the stir casting technique and ultrasonic cavitation method. Different % age of reinforcement is used. An ultrasonic cavitation technique is used to achieve a uniform dispersion of nano-particulate Al2O3 and B4C in molten aluminium alloy. Tensile, Hardness, and Impact tests were performed on the samples obtained by the fabrication processes. A structural study will be carried out through a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to know the distribution of Al2O3/B4C Nano particulates in Al alloy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Al7075, Ultrasonic Cavitation, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).Nano composite, reinforce particulates, metal matrix composite
  topic: keywords
creator: Chandru J
creator: Vishnu Sudarsan P
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-09-01
publication date: 2024-09-01
starting page: 077
ending page: 081
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i3pp077-081

Parametric Optimization of Warm Deep Drawing Process of 304 Stainless Steel Cylindrical Cups
type: item
description: The present work is a comprehensive parametric optimization of the warm deep drawing process of 304 stainless steel. The warm deep drawing process is a crucial metal forming technique that leverages elevated temperatures to enhance the material's formability and reduce defect occurrence. This study systematically investigates the influence of various process parameters, including sheet thickness, temperature, coefficient of friction, and strain rate, on the quality of the final product in order. Using the Taguchi method for the design of experiments and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for simulation, the research aims to determine the optimal settings for these parameters. Every parameter played its part in responses. All the factors had a similar impact on the cups designed. The strain-based FLDs are prepared to study the strain levels in the process. The optimized cup was the trail 8 cup with 1 mm, 300°C, 0.02 and 1000s-1.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sheet thickness
  topic: keywords
subject: Coefficient of Friction
  topic: keywords
subject: SS 304
  topic: keywords
subject: Cylindrical cups
  topic: keywords
creator: Dushyanth Chinthala
creator: Devendar G
creator: Chennakesava Reddy A
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 136
ending page: 145
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i4pp136-145

4D-Printed Soft Pneumatic Actuators Guided by Machine Learning and Finite Element Models
type: item
description: This paper explores the field of four-dimensional 4D-printed soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) made completely by additive manufacturing. After manufacturing, these actuators can produce bending motions when exposed to vacuum or pressurized air stimuli. Their functionality is determined by a combination of material qualities and geometric details, which gives the pressures and motion trajectories required for fine activities like non-invasive surgery and food handling. This introduces an innovative approach to achieve four-dimensional (4D) printing of soft pneumatic actuator robots (SPAs). This method leverages nonlinear machine learning (ML) techniques combined with finite element modelling (FEM). The core of this methodology involves the development of a precise FEM that emulates experimental actuation. The primary purpose of this FEM is to generate essential training data for the subsequent ML modelling phase. The wide range of 3D printers and materials used to create pressurized air-bending-style SPAs is thoroughly examined in this paper. It also examines different approaches to modelling and regulating these actuators and provides a comparative study. This paper concludes with a summary of general considerations regarding future directions and the inherent difficulties in developing these state-of-the-art actuators
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: soft pneumatic actuators, 3D printing, Machine Learning, Finite element models, 4D Printing, Soft robots.
  topic: keywords
creator: Harshith Gowda M A
creator: Ajay Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 126
ending page: 135
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i4pp126-135

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL AND METALLURGICAL PROPERTIES IN FRICTION STIR SPOT WELDING OF DISSIMILAR AA6061-T6 TO COPPER
type: item
description: In this study, the effects of important parameters of the FSSW process, rotational speed and dwell time, have been investigated on mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar AA6061-T6 to the pure copper welded joint. In addition, the results were compared with the similar Al-Al and Cu-Cu welded joints. The results indicate that an increase in the rotational speed from 1250 to 1600 rpm and dwell time from 5 to 10 seconds improves the tensile and flexural strength of all the welded samples. Furthermore, at rotational speeds lower than 1250 rpm, due to reduced frictional heat generation, and above 1600 rpm, due to excessive heat production, the quality of the joints decreases. In this welding process, the amount of frictional heat generated directly affects the metallurgical structure, hardness of different welding zones, and intermetallic formations formed. The microstructure and the microhardness studies reveal that different welding parameters lead to the formation of fine grains and recrystallization in the stir zone and other regions with an increase in rotational speed and dwell time. This phenomenon is a result of the heat generated by friction and severe material deformation during welding. The refinement of grains contributes to increasing the hardness and strength. Moreover, the hardness analysis of the welded regions shows that the dissolution and growth of precipitates in the weld metal and its vicinity create a weaker region compared to the base metal, resulting in a decrease in hardness relative to the base metal.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Friction Stir Spot Welding,
  topic: keywords
subject: Dissimilar Welding
  topic: keywords
subject: Welding Parameters
  topic: keywords
subject: AA6061-T6
  topic: keywords
subject: Copper
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Karimi Ivanaki
creator: M.M. Entezarian
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 057
ending page: 066
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i2pp057-066

ENHANCING SURFACE FINISH: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF EXTRUSION HONING PROCESS ON TITANIUM GRADE-2 ALLOY
type: item
description: Conventional finishing processes such as grinding, honing and lapping lag in processing intricate and inaccessible regions such as through holes, internal cavities, fuel injectors, etc. A new abrasion-based finishing process, such as extrusion honing, is developed to overcome this drawback. In this process, media, i.e., a blended mixture of silicone polymer, which is visco-elastic in nature, and SiC abrasive of known % of volume fraction and grit size, is employed. This media is considered a flowing grinding wheel and flexible in nature. The current work explores the influence of parameters such as the number of passes and bore diameter of the specimen in the extrusion honing process. The experimental study has been carried out on titanium grade-2 alloy. Experimental data is collected by constructing L9 OA for the factors considered and is verified with multiple regression analysis. The experimental plan has been executed by considering two factors, i.e., the number of passes and bore diameter involving three different levels. The study of variance (ANOVA) found that the number of passes is a significant contributing factor to the response parameter Ra, which is found to be 58.97 %. Multivariate regression analysis is performed to predict the surface finish (Ra) of the specimen within the operating range of the process by validating with extrusion-hunting trials. Finally, the current paper contrasts the result of extrusion honing trials, i.e. surface Ra, with the developed model and agrees with the established result.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Extrusion Honing (EH)
  topic: keywords
subject: Surface finish (Ra)
  topic: keywords
subject: Roughness
  topic: keywords
subject: Abrasives
  topic: keywords
creator: Lingaraju KN
creator: Jayasimha SLN
creator: Raju HP
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 025
ending page: 029
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i2pp025-029

POWER COMPARISON OF TESTS FOR NORMALITY AND RECOMMENDED TEST ORDERS FOR MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATIONS
type: item
description: Manufacturing organizations are increasingly concerned with statistical analysis as a tool for understanding and improving processes. With the release of a new statistical package, QESuite, designed for manufacturers, it is important to directly compare the included normality tests to guide the standards of manufacturing organizations. A common metric of the usefulness of a normality test is its power, the test’s ability to identify data that do not follow the normal distribution correctly. Through Monte Carlo simulation, the power of 6 normality tests: Anderson-Darling, Jarque-Bera, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors (corrected KS), Shapiro-Wilk (Royston), and Ryan-Joiner; was evaluated at multiple sample sizes with different original distributions. The sample size of the data being tested greatly impacted the power of all the tests studied. As the sample size increased, the power of almost all the tests studied approached 1.0 (100%). The underlying distribution also showed an effect, with the power being higher for all tests when evaluating asymmetrical distributions than symmetric distributions. When the power was averaged across all distributions and the average ranks of each test across sample sizes were calculated, the following general order of highest power to lowest is recommended: Shapiro-Wilk (Royston), Lilliefors, Ryan-Joiner, Anderson-Darling, Jarque-Bera, Kolmogorov-Smirnov.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: normality testing
  topic: keywords
subject: statistical process control
  topic: keywords
subject: power comparison
  topic: keywords
subject: type II error
  topic: keywords
subject: quality engineering
  topic: keywords
creator: Lucius LaFromboise
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 040
ending page: 056
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i2pp040-056

DEVELOPMENT OF WELDING WINDOW FOR UNDERWATER AL – STEEL EXPLOSIVE CLADDING
type: item
description: This study attempted analytical estimation of the welding domain for underwater explosive cladding of aluminium (Al 5052) - stainless steel (SS304). A welding window, an analytical estimation, can ascertain whether the interface is wavy-like or otherwise. The welding window's lower, upper, left, and right boundaries were constructed using empirical relations suggested by peer researchers. The soundness of the dissimilar clads relates to their closeness to the lower boundary. The interface microstructure is in concurrence with the analytical outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dissimilar metals
  topic: keywords
subject: Welding window
  topic: keywords
subject: Microstructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Positioning
  topic: keywords
creator: Saravanan
creator: Sakthi Bhuvaneshwaran S
creator: Akash R
creator: Punithraj S
creator: Pugazhanthi K
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 036
ending page: 039
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i2pp036-039

PREDICTION OF INTERLAMINAR STRESSES ACTING IN THE ANGLE PLY E-GLASS EPOXY COMPOSITES USING ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL METHODS
type: item
description: Prediction of interlaminar stress is the leading research area in the field of composite structures nowadays. Many research works related to the interlaminar stresses induced in the composite structures, such as the formulation of analytical solutions to predict the interlaminar stresses, finding out the additional provision to be made in the experimental set-up for the measurement of interlaminar stress, and the development of various theories for the accurate determination of inter-laminar stresses and free edge stresses are going on. Among the research works carried out so far, cross-ply composites have been concentrated more because of their more application areas. The present work considers an angle ply E-Glass epoxy composite structure for the interlaminar stress analysis. Interlaminar stresses induced in the considered angle ply composite for the given loading condition have been predicted using analytical and numerical analyses, and the results have been compared.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Arul Marcel Moshi A
creator: Mano Karthick R
creator: Mohammed Asik S
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-03-01
publication date: 2024-03-01
starting page: 020
ending page: 024
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i1pp020-024

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF BORON STEEL PLOUGHSHARE UNDER DRY SLIDING CONTACT
type: item
description: Experimental evaluation of the tribological performance of boron steel ploughshare used for soil tillage operation has been studied under dry sliding contact. A ball-on-disc dry sliding tribological properties test was performed following ASTM standards. Surface morphology examination of the ploughshare sample was performed using optical microscopy. The effect of applied load, sliding speed, and sliding time on the tribological properties of the ploughshare sample was analyzed. Results showed that with increasing applied load from 2 to 10N, friction performance of the ploughshare material operated within the boundaries of 0.232≤µ≤0.325, 0.283≤µ≤0.378, 0.308≤µ≤0.381, 0.338≤µ≤0.405 at constant sliding speed and time of (5cm/s, 360s), (10cm/s, 540s), (15cm/s, 720s) and (20cm/s, 900s) respectively showing that friction increased as sliding speed and time increased with percentage increase of 22%, 8.8%, 9.7% and 16.3%, 0.8%, 6.3% for minimum and maximum friction respectively. Wear performance of the ploughshare material operated within the boundaries of 44.44≤WR≤94.44 x 10-6g/m, 16.67≤WR≤64.81 x 10-6g/m, 12.96≤WR≤53.70 x 10-6g/m, 18.89≤WR≤42.22 x 10-6g/m at constant sliding speed and time of (5cm/s, 360s), (10cm/s, 540s), (15cm/s, 720s) and (20cm/s, 900s) respectively showing that wear rate decreased as sliding speed and time increased with percentage decrease of 31.4%, 17.1%, 21.4% for maximum wear rate.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Boron Steel Ploughshare
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil Tillage
  topic: keywords
subject: Tribological Property
  topic: keywords
subject: Dry Sliding Contact
  topic: keywords
creator: Leonard Akuwueke
creator: Ukachi Etoamaihe
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-03-01
publication date: 2024-03-01
starting page: 001
ending page: 009
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i1pp001-009

Comparative Study of Design of Flat and Curve Gate Used in Hydropower Plants
type: item
description: This paper is based on the basic steps for analyzing two different hydro mechanical Gates of hydropower plants for an effective and safe design point of view. In an analysis, we found effective and safer results. We used the ANSYS Workbench software to determine these gates' deformation, stress, strength, and reliability for analysis. These gates are also known as sluice gates. In this study, we modeled one using the usual flat-shape geometry. In contrast, the other, as a specific curve-shaped geometry, performed the virtual finite element analysis for better results. An analysis found that the peak stresses induced on the flat gate and curved gate are different, respectively, while the deformation occurred due to peak stresses being less and more, respectively; from these results, It is concluded that the curved gate is a better one.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sluice gate
  topic: keywords
subject: stress strain analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: hydropower plant
  topic: keywords
creator: bilal Ahmed
creator: M.L Jain
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-09-01
publication date: 2024-09-01
starting page: 067
ending page: 076
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i3pp067-076

HOMOMORPHIC FILTERING-BASED REFLECTION COMPENSATION AND BINARY THRESHOLDING DURING THE PREPREG-BASED COMPOSITE MANUFACTURING
type: item
description: The global aerospace manufacturing industry is witnessing a significant paradigm shift in design and material choice from metals to composites, such as Carbon Fiber Reinforcement Plastics (CFRP) in civil and military aircraft structure design. In prepreg-based composite fabrication, multiple sheets of prepreg material are manually laid in the desired orientation on a mould. The layup process is subjected to 100 per cent ply-by-ply manual visual inspection for detecting inclusion, which can arise when the protective films are missed to get removed or due to the tackiness of the prepregs layers; other materials used in the process get included between layers. Manual inspection during layup is skill-based. The black and reflective nature of the surface makes it difficult to detect the inclusions efficiently. Thus, there exists a need for an automated or semi-automated system that can aid the inspector in detecting and identifying inclusions during fabrication. This paper inculcates the preliminary work towards developing a methodology to determine the inclusions using image processing algorithms. One challenge of using the images is the reflection from the layers. A homomorphic filtering-based approach was developed to reduce the effects of reflection and binary thresholding to detect the inclusion regions. The developed methodology was validated through experimental results. It was found that homomorphic filtering-based reflection compensation and binary thresholding can distinguish the inclusion regions, which can be used by the inspector in the clean room environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Homomorphic
  topic: keywords
subject: Filtering
  topic: keywords
subject: Reflection
  topic: keywords
subject: COmpensation
  topic: keywords
subject: Composite
  topic: keywords
subject: Prepreg
  topic: keywords
creator: Mrinal Sarvagya
creator: Ravi Kumar M G
creator: Augustin M J
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 030
ending page: 036
doi: 10.37255/jme.v19i2pp030-036

SELECTION OF OPTIMAL SEQUENCE OF MACHINING OPERATIONS IN CAPP
type: item
description: Computer aided process planning (CAPP) is an important interface between computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM). CAPP in the past is typically a knowledge-based approach, which is only capable of generating a feasible plan for a given part. The present work involves the application of a global search technique called Differential evolution for a quick identification of optimal or near optimal operation sequences. Minimization of sum of the total number of set-up changeovers and tool changeovers is taken as the objective function. Initially, the given part is represented as an assembly of form features, with details of geometric specifications, tolerance and surface finish requirements. To produce each of the form features, the required machining operations are selected. Next, feasibility constraints are considered among various machining operations. The proposed method then finds the optimal sequences within the minimum possible time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr.A.Gopala Krishna
creator: E.Venu Gopal Goud
creator: C.Govinda Rajulu
rights: Copyright (c) 2007 Journal of Manufacturing Engineering
date: 2007-12-01
publication date: 2007-12-01
starting page: 262
ending page: 267